Philosopher of mind and consciousness. Known for work on the hard problem" of consciousness." David Chalmers positions consciousness as the "hard problem" irreducible to physical processes, proposing it as a fundamental feature of the universe akin to spacetime—a view he terms naturalistic dualism. He argues that while AI systems like LLMs currently lack subjective experience, future architectures replicating fine-grained causal brain organization could achieve consciousness, with a >20% likelihood within a decade David Chalmers defends naturalistic dualism, asserting consciousness as a fundamental property AI could instantiate if replicating causal brain structures. He estimates a 20% chance of machine consciousness by 2030, urging ethical frameworks for synthetic qualia[Earlier Answer].